The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis during Pregnancy on Mother and Baby

Allergic rhinitis is a relatively common condition among pregnant women, affecting around 20% of pregnancies. This condition not only causes discomfort for the mother but may also have implications for the developing fetus.

1. Understanding Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, triggered by exposure to respiratory allergens. Typical symptoms include an itchy nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and a runny nose. When these symptoms occur during pregnancy and persist for at least six weeks without signs of respiratory infection, it is referred to as pregnancy rhinitis or allergic rhinitis of pregnancy. Fortunately, these symptoms typically resolve within two weeks after delivery.

2. Causes of Allergic Rhinitis during Pregnancy

Around 15-20% of pregnant women experience allergic rhinitis, making it the most common discomfort-related disorder during pregnancy. The condition arises due to the body's immune response to allergenic substances, such as cold weather, house dust, pollen, and pet hair. The allergens trigger inflammatory reactions in the upper respiratory mucosal layer, leading to symptoms like sneezing, itchy nose, runny nose, and nasal congestion.

Pregnant women with pre-existing allergies like bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, or chronic urticaria have a higher risk of developing allergic rhinitis. Additionally, irritants can enter the body through the skin or ingestion, exacerbating the condition.

3. Effects of Allergic Rhinitis on Mother and Baby

In general, allergic rhinitis during pregnancy does not directly impact the fetus. However, if left untreated, it can indirectly affect the developing baby, especially if the mother experiences symptoms like insomnia, stress, or fatigue.

Severe cases of allergic rhinitis can lead to complications like chronic rhinitis and pharyngitis. Prolonged allergic rhinitis can also reduce oxygen supply during sleep, potentially impacting fetal oxygenation and increasing the risk of conditions like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth retardation. The constant sneezing may also stimulate uterine contractions, increasing the risk of miscarriage or premature birth.

4. Preventive Measures for Allergic Rhinitis during Pregnancy

Prevention is key to managing allergic rhinitis during pregnancy effectively. Pregnant women should consider the following measures:

• Identify specific allergens causing the condition through methods like skin testing or blood tests for allergen-specific IgE.
• Maintain a clean, cool, and moisture-free living environment at home.

• Avoid keeping pets, such as dogs or cats, in the house.
• Refrain from consuming allergenic foods that have caused reactions in the past.
• Keep the body warm, especially the neck and nose areas, during colder weather.
• Maintain good oral hygiene by brushing teeth daily, after meals, and upon waking up.
• Wear a mask while cleaning the house or when going outside to reduce exposure to allergens.